tested during the assaults on the Apennine Mountains. German
forces had fortied key positions around Monte Cassino and other
critical passes, creating deadly choke points. Urquhart emphasized
careful reconnaissance, coordinated artillery barrages, and the
use of specialized mountain units to dislodge the defenders. His
personal presence on the frontlines inspired condence among the
troops, who saw their commander sharing the same risks they faced.
Colleagues and subordinates often noted his calm demeanour
under re. Even amid heavy casualties and logistical challenges,
Urquhart maintained order, morale, and a clear focus on the overall
objectives. These experiences honed his skills in coordinating complex
operations and dealing with chaotic, high-pressure environments—a
preparation that would prove invaluable later at Arnhem.
By the time he left Italy, Urquhart had earned the respect of both his men
and his peers for his combination of tactical acumen, personal bravery,
and unwavering dedication to the welfare of his soldiers. The lessons
learned in the mountains and valleys of Italy shaped his command
style: decisive yet compassionate, always aware of the human cost of
warfare.
Upon his return, Urquhart was appointed as a staff ofcer to XII Corps. In
1944, before he was unexpectedly given command of the 1st Airborne
Division—a challenging assignment, as he suffered from airsickness
and had no prior experience with airborne forces. Nevertheless, he
was selected to led the division during Operation Market Garden in
September 1944, demonstrating his adaptability and leadership under
extreme pressure.